Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) represents a diverse spectrum of abnormalities affecting the aortic, mitral, tricuspid and pulmonary valves, contributing significantly to global cardiovascular morbidity. As diagnostic modalities and treatment pathways evolve rapidly, clinicians increasingly seek comprehensive updates on Valvular Heart Disease when attending imaging, interventional or surgical tracks at a cardiology conference. The rise of minimally invasive therapy, enhanced imaging tools and novel repair technologies continues to redefine the landscape of advanced valvular-pathology management.

The session begins by exploring the etiology of VHD, including degenerative calcification, rheumatic disease, congenital abnormalities, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis and functional leaflet dysfunction. Participants review disease progression mechanisms, symptom patterns and hemodynamic consequences such as pressure overload, volume overload, ventricular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension.

Diagnostic evaluation is presented through a multimodality approach. Attendees examine the role of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, 3D imaging, cardiac MRI and CT for anatomical assessment, severity quantification and procedural planning. Practical interpretation techniques help clinicians accurately assess stenosis gradients, regurgitant volumes, valve morphology and ventricular response.

Management strategies are reviewed for each major valve. In aortic stenosis, participants explore TAVR versus surgical replacement, risk stratification and durability considerations. Mitral regurgitation discussions include surgical repair, TMVR, edge-to-edge devices and annuloplasty. Tricuspid disease is examined through medical therapy, surgical repair and emerging transcatheter systems. Pulmonary valve disease and congenital valve conditions are also addressed for broad applicability.

The session highlights complication management, including heart failure progression, arrhythmias, thromboembolism and endocarditis prevention. Case-based examples illustrate decision-making challenges in mixed valve disease, multi-valve interventions and comorbidity-driven complexity.

Future innovations include next-generation bioprostheses, polymeric valves, robotic repair platforms, tissue-engineered valves and fusion-imaging technologies. By gaining a full-spectrum understanding of valvular pathology, diagnostics and interventions, clinicians strengthen their capacity to deliver personalised, evidence-based care.