Syncope is a transient, self-limited loss of consciousness caused by global cerebral hypoperfusion, presenting a diagnostic challenge due to its wide range of potential cardiac and non-cardiac causes. Because certain forms of syncope signal serious underlying disease, clinicians frequently seek structured updates on Syncope when attending arrhythmia and acute-care pathways at a cardiology conference. Early identification of high-risk features and appropriate evaluation are crucial for differentiating benign episodes from those associated with transient loss-of-consciousness disorders requiring intensive management.

The session begins by clarifying the major categories of syncope: reflex (vasovagal), orthostatic hypotension and cardiac syncope. Participants review how symptom patterns, triggers, prodrome and patient history guide initial classification. Cardiac causes including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, obstructive lesions, pulmonary embolism and ischemia receive special attention, as they carry higher morbidity and mortality. The programme highlights red flags such as exertional episodes, minimal prodrome, family history of SCD and abnormal ECG findings.

Diagnostic strategies form a major portion of this session. Attendees explore algorithms integrating history-taking, physical examination, ECG interpretation, ambulatory rhythm monitoring, tilt-table testing and echocardiography. The value of extended patch monitors, implantable loop recorders and exercise testing is emphasised for cases with intermittent or unclear rhythm disturbances. Clinicians learn when syncope warrants hospital admission, specialist referral or urgent therapy.

Management principles focus on treating the underlying cause. Reflex syncope discussions include hydration, physical-counterpressure maneuvers, salt supplementation and avoidance of triggers. For orthostatic hypotension, medication review, volume expansion and autonomic evaluation guide therapy. Cardiac syncope management involves arrhythmia control, pacing decisions, coronary assessment and addressing obstructive lesions such as aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

The session also explores the psychological and quality-of-life impact of syncope, including fear of recurrence, driving restrictions and workplace limitations. Participants learn communication strategies that empower patients with education and clear guidance.

Future directions include AI-enhanced ECG interpretation, wearable sensors for syncope prediction, remote monitoring platforms and advanced autonomic testing. By the end of the session, clinicians will gain a thorough, structured approach to syncope assessment and management, enabling them to identify dangerous presentations early and deliver personalised, evidence-based care.